Early Interview of Speech Delay with Phonics Method in Children with Speech Delay Age 3 Years at Graha Husada Hospital Gresik

Language disorders are delays in the language sector experienced by a child. A child can be said to have a delay in speaking if the child's level of speech development is below the level of quality of normal child's speech development in general according to his age, this can be seen from the correct use of words. The subject in this study with the initials MDE is 3 years old, this patient underwent routine therapy as much as twice a week. According to therapists who treat MDE, MDE is a child who has speech delay. The following are the results of researchers' observations of MDE who have speech delay. In this research, the phonics method is used, where the phonics method is "a method of teaching reading that is related to sound". Where these letters consist of vowels and consonants which are combined into syllables and sentences. This research uses experimental research methods, experimental research consists of pre-test and post-test. The post test showed an increase in the subject, on the first day the subject got a score of 8, on the second day 14, on the third day 16, and on the fourth day 18, where this score showed an increase. In conclusion, this phonics method is functional and can be used on research subjects of children aged 3 years.


Introduction
Language and speech play an important role in human life because they are communication tools.Through speaking, someone can interact, convey messages so that other people understand what they want or hope for.According to Hurlock (2005), language is communication by symbolizing thoughts and feelings so that other people understand, such as writing, speaking, symbolic language, facial expressions, pantonyms and art.This is in accordance with what Upton (2012) stated that language is a system of spoken symbols, but can be written or signed.Different from speaking, it is a form of language used to convey meaning.
Language disorders are delays in the language sector experienced by a child (Soetjiningsih, 1995).Speech disorder (speech delay) is a delay in language or speaking.Language disorders are delays in the language sector experienced by a child (Soetjiningsih, 1995).A child is said to be late in speaking if at that age his ability to produce sounds and communicate is below the average for children his age.In essence, speaking is an aspect of a child's development that starts from birth.A child's ability to communicate begins with his reaction to the sound or voice of his mother and father, even at the age of 2 months the child is already showing a social smile to everyone who interacts with him.At the age of 18 months, children are able to understand and produce around 20 meaningful vocabulary words.Meanwhile, at the age of 2 years, he is able to say 1 sentence consisting of 2 words, for example "mama went away", "I peed".If the child does not experience this, it can be categorized as having a speech delay.
Children with speech delays can be identified by the correct use of words, which is characterized by unclear pronunciation and when communicating they can only use sign language, so that parents and people around them are less able to understand the child's wishes, even though the child can actually understand what people are saying.(Anggraini, 2011).
According to the Siloam Hospital article (2023), parameters that can be used as a reference for observing whether the child experiences speech delay is as follows: 1. Age 2 years: Inability to pronounce at least 25 words or unable to name objects correctly 2. Age 2.5 years: Inability to use two-word phrases or noun combinations or unable to name body parts correctly.
3. Age 3: Not able to use 200 words, difficulty understanding what he is saying, unable to ask for things by name, or unable to construct a sentence.4. Age over 3 years: Unable to imitate or pronounce previously learned words or unable to say the full name correctly.
Research conducted by Wahyu Ardyanti (2015) shows that after using the phonics method, students' initial reading abilities have increased.It is difficult to describe the exact number of speech disorders, but it can be estimated that the incidence ranges from 1% to 32% in the normal population.In general, 60% of children who experience speech disorders will improve spontaneously at the age of less than three years.Aini (2022) stated that the research results have shown that there are 11 factors influencing speech delay that occurred in the subject of this case.The 11 factors are the concept of multilingualism, good models to imitate, lack of opportunities to practice speaking, lack of motivation to speak, guidance, encouragement, peer relationships, adjustment, classification into sex roles, gender, and large numbers family.Apart from that, there were also 3 factors found in this research, namely the child's habit of watching television, the sibling system, and the knowledge of people around the subject who did not understand these obstacles.Speech disorder (speech delay) is a delay in language or speaking.Language disorders are delays in the language sector experienced by a child (Soetjiningsih, 1995).
Children aged three years will begin to recognize the symbols and writing around them (Pinter, 2006).The subject in this study with the initials MDE is 3 years old.This patient undergoes routine therapy twice a week.According to therapists who treat MDE, MDE is a child who has speech delay.The following are the results of researchers' observations of MDE who have speech delay.

Speech Delay Type
According to Tiel (2011: 34) there are several types of speech delay disorders, including: 1. Speech and Language Expressive Disorder is a child who experiences problems with language expression.2. Specific Language Impairment is a language disorder which is a primary disorder caused by developmental disorders themselves, not caused by sensory disorders, neurological disorders or cognitive (intelligence) disorders.
3. Centrum Auditory Processing Disorder, namely this speech disorder is not caused by problems with hearing, hearing function or the ears functioning properly.It's just that you have difficulty processing information in the brain.
4. Pure Dysphatic Development is a developmental disorder of speech and expressive language which has weaknesses in the phonetic system. 5. Gifted Visual Spatial Learner, namely these characteristics both in their growth and development, their personality, and the characteristics of their own giftedness.6. Disynchronous Developmental, namely the development of a gifted child, basically there is a deviation in development from the normal pattern.There is a lack of synchronization between internal development and external development.

Speech Delay Factor
One of the reasons why children are late in talking is because their speech organs are not yet ready.These speech organs include: respiratory organs, phonation organs or vocal cords, and articulation organs which include the lips, tongue, teeth, jaw, palate and throat.Another cause of children experiencing delays in speaking is incomplete preparation processes such as chewing, swallowing or sucking (Cristina, 2018).According to Papalia (2008), children who are late in speaking are when they are 2 years old, who tend to make mistakes in pronouncing words, then at the age of 3 years the child has a poor vocabulary or lacks vocabulary.At the age of 5 years children experience difficulty in naming or labeling objects.And this will affect your reading ability.One of the most common and most serious causes is the inability to encourage a child to talk, even when the child starts babbling.

Phonic Method
Sadjaah and Sukarja (1995) stated that the originator of this phonics method was Graham Bell's father, namely Melvin Bell, with the term Visible Speech Method, which means a symbol of the sounds produced by the speaking apparatus.The phonics method is "a method of teaching reading that is related to sound".Where these letters consist of vowels and consonants which are combined into syllables and sentences.Phonics in the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) is a method of teaching reading using simple phonetic concepts.So, what is meant by phonetics is the part of linguistics that studies the sounds of language acquired by humans without looking at the function of phonics as a differentiator of meaning in a language.The phonics method emphasizes word recognition through the process of listening to letter sounds.Initially, children are invited to recognize letter sounds, then synthesize them into syllables and words.Letter sounds are introduced by associating them with nouns, for example the letter "a" with the image "chicken".Thus, this method is more synthetic than analytical.The phonics method for reading emphasizes (a) understanding the relationships of letters and sounds in words, and (b) applying these relationships to analyze and interpret unknown words.In a phonics method of reading, children are explicitly taught how the letters of the alphabet and groups of letters are applied to the sounds in words.These are referred to as code-based or code-based lessons, words that are difficult to pronounce because they do not follow sound rules are also taught using the phonics method.According to Ardyanti (2015), the phonics method provides a basis for children in different pronunciations of each letter symbol.

Purpose of Aplplying the Phonic Method
In general, the aim of the Phonics Method is to develop and optimize language skills by using phonetic concepts (recognition of language sounds) (Thahir, 2012).According to Ardyanti (2015), the phonics method provides a basis for children in different pronunciations of each letter symbol.In this research the author used the phonics method, because this phonics method is suitable for use with children who experience speech delays as in previous research mentioned by Ardiyanti (2015).

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Phonics Method a. Advantages
According to Thahir (2012), the advantages of the Phonics Method are as follows: 1. Teaching phonics in accordance with the work of the brain.

Easy to implement (with simple demonstrations that you can do yourself).
3. In accordance with the language character.4. Improve readability.

b. Disadvantages
Dhieni (in Rianto, et al, 2016) said that this phonics method has several weaknesses, namely: 1.Not appropriate when used as a first approach to reading.
2. Children must really concentrate their thoughts and the sound of words.
3. Learning this method takes a long time, if the child is not familiar with learning the alphabet before.

Types of Phonic Method
According to Thahir (2012), of these two types, phonics has several stages, namely listening, speaking, writing and reading.
1. Listening at this stage, learning is done by telling stories and singing.There is a song guide from A to Z.
2. Talking Learning is done by giving children a series of picture books and critical questions. 1. Listening At this stage, learning is done by telling stories and singing.There is a song guide from A to Z B. Disadvantages The aim of these 2 stages is for children to practice listening, concentrating and enriching their vocabulary.
3. Writing is motor preparation, knowledge of sounds and letter shapes.The goal is for children to be able to concentrate, coordinate eyes and hands and develop perception 4. Reading At this stage children learn language from the smallest language order to the most complex level (namely from phonemes, syllables, words, phrases and sentences) and starting from concrete objects to abstract objects.

Research Methods
This research uses a type of experimental research which consists of a pre-test and post-test.Pre-test is a stage carried out before giving a test or assessment using the Phonics method to the child, usually this stage will start from conducting interviews with therapists and parents then observing the child who will be given intervention or assessment.The post test is a final evaluation in the form of questions that the author gives to the subject after the lesson/material has been delivered.The type of test used is an objective test.This research focuses on 1 subject with the initials DA aged 3 years who is undergoing therapy at the Grha Husada Gresik Hospital.The stages of the Phonics method in this research are as follows:

a. Implementation of the Assessment
This assessment will be carried out by observing one child who has a speech delay.

b. Providing Intervention
This intervention will be provided after all assessments have been carried out.This intervention will be adjusted to the development results of the child being assessed.The intervention will be carried out for 4 days.At the first meeting, children are given flash cards for introduction.After the introduction, children are invited to recognize the vowel letters "a, i, u, e, o".This introduction to vowel letters is the beginning of an introduction to the phonics method.At the second meeting, children are given flash cards and are invited to repeat what they have learned previously, and then children are invited to recognize syllables such as "ba, bi, bu, be, bo".Table 1.Pretest Next, in the third meeting, children were invited to arrange two syllables into one word, such as "photo, dice".At the fourth meeting, children are given flash cards which are then used to repeat what they have learned from the first meeting to the end and see their improvement.

c. Evaluation of the Assessment and Interventions Provided
This evaluation is after the entire series of assessments and interventions have been carried out, an evaluation will be given regarding the implementation of the assessments and interventions.The evaluation is carried out for one day.

a. Implementation of the Assessment Pre Test (Before Intervention is given)
This stage is the stage that is carried out before giving a test or assessment using the Phonics method to the child.Usually this stage will start from conducting interviews with therapists and parents then observing the child who will be given intervention or assessment.

Table 1 .
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